Stress

The term 'stress' is commonly used to refer to the feelings of tension , anxiety , anticipation and challenge that we experience, and the events that are connected with these feelings. Stress is a complex, dynamic process characterized by the manner in which we react physically, mentally, and emotionally to the various conditions, changes, and demands of life.

There are generally three dimensions of situations that are related to the experience of stress: the novelty , unpredictability and degree of control that we feel we have over the situation. Underlying all of these factors is one's perception: the way we "perceive" the situation determines whether or not we experience it as stressful.

In other words, stress is a subjective state which greatly varies from person to person. How you react to events depends on your coping strategies, your previous experience with similar situations, your personality, and the available social support (both practical and emotional).

Stress may be acute (immediate), the result of a one-time incident, or chronic, related to persisting problems and strains. Examples of acute stress include narrowly avoiding an automobile crash, or a difficult interpersonal interaction. Examples of chronic stress include a difficult job environment, caring for someone with a chronic disease, or a state of loneliness.

In acute stress, the body responds to a perceived threat with a series of physiological responses designed to mobilize energy and prepare for action. This is commonly known as the "fight-or-flight" response. In chronic stress, the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, and the immune system may be affected, eventually resulting in the mind-body state often described as "burnout" , and contributing to stress-related physical problems, including coronary artery disease, diabetes, and asthma.

Background causes of stress include general conditions in one's life such as poor physical health, lack of a support system and loneliness, and unsatisfactory living and work situations. Life cycle transitions and developmental stages, such as getting married or decreased physical abilities may also produce stress. Ongoing goal conflicts, such as placing a high value on family life but feeling compelled to spend all your time working, are also important causes of stress.

To improve stress management, it is first necessary to identify its sources. One needs to recognize how stress affects him or her, understand how to reduce or avoid harmful stress, and know how to cope effectively with it when it does occurs. Strategies to reduce stress include managing time and commitments, establishing a strong system of interdependent social support, and leading a healthy lifestyle, including getting adequate sleep and eating healthfully. Among the therapeutic techniques used to relieve stress include various forms of psychotherapy, physical activity and exercise, breathing exercises, muscle relaxation, and massage .